Paratrichodorus minor

TaxID: 189296

Basic Information

Scientific Name *

Common Name

Stubby Root Nematode

Introduction

Paratrichodorus minor is a species of nematode in the family Trichodoridae, the stubby-root nematodes. It occurs in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It damages plants by feeding on the roots and it is a vector of plant viruses. It is a pest of some agricultural crops. Like other stubby-root nematodes, this species is microscopic, reaching up to 0.71 millimeters in length. Its body is rounded at both ends. It has an onchiostyle, a curved, solid stylet which it uses to puncture plant roots. It stabs the plant tissue rapidly, up to 10 times per second, to make a hole. It injects saliva, which hardens into a hollow tube, and it uses this like a drinking straw to withdraw the contents of the plant cells. It moves around the root, leaving old tubes in place and creating new ones. It is an ectoparasite, attacking the plant externally rather than entering its tissues. Damage to plants is evident when it stops the roots from growing, leaving the root system "stubby"-looking. A plant cannot obtain water and nutrients from the soil and becomes stunted and wilted. It shows signs of nutrient deficiency. An affected crop field may have patches of withered plants. The nematode also introduces viruses to plants, including tobacco rattle virus, which causes the disease corky ringspot in potatoes. A potato tuber with corky ringspot has large brown rings on its surface and discolored spots inside. Entire potato crops can be made unmarketable by the appearance of the disease. The nematode has been observed in over 100 plant hosts, including turfgrasses such as St. Augustine grass and bermudagrass, vegetables such as cabbage and tomato, and other crops such as corn, sorghum, sugarcane, peanut, and soybean. It is a pest of vineyards in California. It is most abundant in coarse soils. Most individuals of the species are female and they reproduce by parthenogenesis, producing offspring without fertilization. They lay eggs in the soil and the juveniles feed on roots as they develop. The length of the life cycle varies with temperature, but it may be as short as 16 days.

from Wikipedia

Taxonomic Information

Domain/Kingdom

Eukaryota

Phylum

Nematoda

Class

Enoplea

Order

Triplonchida

Family

Trichodoridae

Genus

Paratrichodorus

Species

minor

Subspecies

nan

Photos (0 photos)

No photos available.

Morphological Features

No morphological description available.

Host Plants (0 host plants)

Data sources: EPPO Global Database and relevant literature.

No host plants available.

Quarantine Status (7 records)

Data sources: IPPC website and national quarantine websites; verified by human review.

Country	Status	Year Added
Argentina	A1 list	2019
Jordan	A2 list	2013
Republic of Korea	Quarantine pests	—
Sri Lanka	Quarantine pests	—
Mexico	Quarantine pests	—
Malaysia	Quarantine pests	—
Peru	Absent	—

Distribution (0 countries)

Data Sources: EPPO Global Database and GBIF.

0

Present

0

Absent

0

Unknown/Other

No distribution records available.

Genomes (0 records)

Data source: NCBI.

No genome records available.

Transcriptomes (0 records)

Data source: NCBI.

No transcriptome records available.

DNA Barcodes (34 records)

View all

Data source: BOLD.

Process ID	BIN	Marker	Length	Country	Date	Lat/Lon	Sequence
GBNEM935-23	-	18S-5P	803	-	-	-	--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAGTCATAT-------------------GCTTG-TCTCAAAGATTAAGCCATGCATGTGTAAGTACAAGC--C-GATGT-----------------------------AAGGTGAAACCGCGAATGGCTCATTAAATCAGCTATGTTTCATTGGATCTGTACACC-C----AC--TTA----------------CTTGGATAACTGTGGT-AATTCTAGAGCTAATACATGCACACAGAGTCCCCGACCGC----------------------------------------A---AGGGAG------------GGGCGCTTTTATTAGTT--CAAAACCGG----------TCGGGCCTC---G---------------------------------------GTCCGTAACC-CACCTGTGGT-GA----GTCTGA-ATAACTTTGAGCTGAGCGCAC-G---GTCTCCGCACTGGCGCCGCATC----------------------TTTCAAG---TGTCTG-CCTTATCAGCTTTCGATTG------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAGGTTATTCGCCT--ACAATGGC-TA-----TAACGG-GT----------AACGGGGAATCAG--GGTTCGATTCC--GGAGAGGGA-------GCCTGAGA---AACGGCT-ACCAC-ATCT---------AAGGAAGGCAGCAGGCACGT---AA--ATTACCC--ATTCCCAGACCGGGGA----------------GG-T--AGTGAC-GA--AAAATAAC--------GATGCGA-----------GAC---------TCATCC-GAGGCCTCGCAA------TCGGAATGAGTACACTTTAAAT--------------CCTTTA----ACGAGGACCCATTGG-AG-GGC--AAGTCTGGT-GCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAA------------TTCCAGCTCCAATA-GCGTATA----TT-AAAGTT-GTT--GCGGT--TA-AA-AAGCTCGTAG---TTGGATTACAGTTCCGGACTGACGGTTCACCGCCCGGTG----CTTACTGTCACGCTC-CGA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ACA----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GCCTGAAAC------ATGG---CCCCGCCGGCTCGC---------CCGGGGTGCTCT---------TTACCGAGTG-----T---C-CCGAGTGGCCGGC-ATGTTTACT-T-TGAAAAAA----T-TAGAGTGC----------TCAGAG---------CAGGCTACA-T------------------------GAATTGGC----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GBNEM934-23	-	18S-5P	710	-	-	-	AACCTGGTTGATCCTGC-CAGTAGTCATATGCTTGTCTCAAAGATTAA--GCCATGCATGTCT---AAGTATAAGCAC----------------TA-GTACTGTGAAAC-TGCGAAT--------GGCTC--AT-----------TAAATC-AGTTATCGTTTATTTGATTGTACCTT--T--AC--TACTTGG-ATAACCG-TAGTAATTCTAGAGCTAATACATGCGAAAAGTCCCGACTTCTGGAA------------------------------------GGGAT---GTATTTATTAGATTAAAAACCAATGC--------------------------------------------------------------GGGTTCTGCCCGGTTCTTTGGTGATTCATAGTAACTG-ATCGAATCG-----CA-----CGGCCT---TGAGCTGGCGATGTTTCATTCAAAT-TTCTGCCCTATCAACTGTCG--ATGGTAAGGTAGTG-GCTTACCATGGTT--GCAACGGG---TGACGG-AGAAT-T-AGGGTTCGATTCCGGAGAGGGAGCCT-GAGAAA-CGGCTACCACATCC-AAGGAAGG-------------CAGCAGGCGCGCAAATTACCCAATC-CTGACTC--AGGGAG-----GTAGTGACAAGAAATAACAAT---ACAGGGCTTTTC--------------------------------CAA-GTCTTG-TAATTGGAAT----G-AGTACAACTTAAATC-----CTTTAACGAGGATCCATT--GGAGGGCAAGTCTGGTGCCAG---CAGCCGCGG-TAAT---TC--CAGCTCCAATA---GCGTA--TATTA-----------AAGTTG-T--TGCAGTTAAAAAGCTC-GTAG-------TTGGATTTCGGGATGGCCCGGCCGGTCTGCCGCAAGG---------------------------------------------------------------------------------TATGTTACTGGCCGAGCTG----TT-------C-TTCCTCGCA--AAGACTGT
GBNEM933-23	-	18S-5P	675	-	-	-	-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GTAAGGTAG-TGGCCTACC----AA-GGTGATAAC-GGGTAACGG--GGAA-TCAGGGTTCGA-TTCCGGAGAGGGAGC-CTGAGAAACGG-CT---A-CCACATCCAA-GGAAGGCAGCAGGCGC-GC-AAATTACCCA-ATCC------------AGA-CACTGGGAGGTGG-TGACGAG-AAA-----TACCGGGTCGTGCC--CAAA-AGGT--TT--CGACACTGG---AATGG-GTGGAA-TTTAAGAATTTCCACGAGTAGCAACTGGAGGG-CAAG-TCT--GGTGCCAG-----------CAGCCGCGG-TAATTCC-AGC---TCCAGTAGTGTAT---CT-TAAAGT--TGCT-GCGGT-TAAAAC-GCTC--GTAGC--TGGACAAGAGAGCGATAATGTGCGGGCGG---GGAGTAAGCCTACCCTGTACTGACGAGCAATCGAATTGGCATTAA-------TCTG---------TC--------------AGTTTGGTTGACT-AC--GTTGTGCAG-----GTGTACTACTTG----------TCGAC------CAT---G---------CTGCATAGTCGCTT----AT-TT--GATCGT------GA-GAATGTC-ATATGGC-CTTA--------AATGTGTTG------TGTGACGTGTCTTACGTAGTGTGCCTTGAATAAATCAGA-----GTGCTCAAAGCAA-GCT----T-----AC-GCTTGA-------A--TGTTAATAGCATGGAAC---G----AATGTTTAGTGAAAGCG-----TAAG--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CAGCGGGTTTACTT-G-TATTCCTGCTGTTTAC-------GCAGCAC---CAACT-------------------------------CCGAAT----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CGG-AACATTGGTAGCCGACTTCGGGTGATGATTA-----------------AGAGG
GBNEM932-23	-	18S-5P	675	-	-	-	-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GTAAGGTAG-TGGCCTACC----AA-GGTGATAAC-GGGTAACGG--GGAA-TCAGGGTTCGA-TTCCGGAGAGGGAGC-CTGAGAAACGG-CT---A-CCACATCCAA-GGAAGGCAGCAGGCGC-GC-AAATTACCCA-ATCC------------AGA-CACTGGGAGGTGG-TGACGAG-AAA-----TACCGGGTCGTGCC--CAAA-AGGT--TT--CGACACTGG---AATGG-GTGGAA-TTTAAGAATTTCCACGAGTAGCAACTGGAGGG-CAAG-TCT--GGTGCCAG-----------CAGCCGCGG-TAATTCC-AGC---TCCAGTAGTGTAT---CT-TAAAGT--TGCC-GCGGT-TAAAAC-GCTC--GTAGT--TGGACAAGAGAGCGATAATGTGCGGGCGG---GGAGTAAGCCTACCCTGTACTGACGAGCAATCGAATTGGCATTAA-------CCTG---------TC--------------AGTTTGGTTGACT-AC--GTTGTGCAG-----GTGTACTACTTG----------TCGAC------CAT---G---------CTGCATAGTCGCTT----AT-TT--GATCGT------GA-GAATGTC-ATATGGC-CTTA--------AATGTGCTG------TGTGACGTGTCTTACGTAGTGTGCCTTGAATAAATCAGA-----GTGCTCAAAGCAA-GCT----T-----AC-GCTTGA-------A--TGTTAATAGCATGGAAC---G----AATGTTTAGTGAAAGCG-----TAAG--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CAGTGGGTTTACTT-G-TATTCCTGCTGTTTAC-------GCAGCAC---CAACT-------------------------------CCGAAT----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CGG-AACATTGGTAGCCGACTTCGGGTGATGATTA-----------------AGAGG
GBNEM931-23	-	18S-5P	749	-	-	-	-------------------------TGCATGTCTAAGTACATGCCGTAT--TAAGGCGAAACCGCGAATGGCTCATTAAATCAGTT--ATGGTTCCTTGGATCGT---A------CCTTACTACTTGGATAACT-------GTGGCAATTCTAGAGCTAATACATGCAGCAGAGCTCCGACCCTCAGGGG--AC-----GAGCGCTTTTATTAGACCAAAACC--------------------------------------------------------------------AATCGGACCTC--GTGTC-----------------------------------------------------CGTCTCTTGTGGTGACTCTGTATAACTTTGGGCTGATCGCACGG-GCCCGTCCCGGCGACGTAT-CTTTCAAGTGTCTGCCTTATCAAC-TTTCGATGGTAGGTTACGCGCCTACCATGGTCGTAACGGGTAACGGGGAATCAGGGTTCGATTCCGGAGAGGGAGCCTG-----------------AGAAACGGCTACCACATCCAAGGAAGGCAGCAGGCGCGCAAATTACCCACT-CCCAGAACGGGGAGGTAGTGACGAAAAATAACAATACGGGACTCT--TTTGAGACCCCGTAATTGGAATGAGTACACTTTAAATCCTTTA-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ACGAGGATCCATTAG-AGGGC---AAGTCTGGT-GCCAGCAGCCGCGGT-A----------A-TTCCAGCTCTAATA-GCGTATA----TT-AAAGTT-GTT--GCGGT--TA-AA-AAGCTCGTAG---TTGGATCTCAGTTCCAGACGGGTGGTCCTCCTTACGG--------TGGCTACTGCCTGTTCTG-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AACAG--------C-----------------------CAG------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CCGGTTTC---------TCTTGATGATCT---------TCACCGGTTGT---CT------TGGGTGACCGGCA-AGTTTACT-T-TGAAAAAA----T-TAGAGTGC----------TCAAAG---------CAGGC--------------------------------GTGACG----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CCTGAAT
GBNEM930-23	-	18S-5P	801	-	-	-	--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAGTCATAT-------------------GCTTG-TCTCAAAGATTAAGCCATGCATGTGTAAGTACAAGC--C-GATGT-----------------------------AAGGTGAAACCGCGAATGGCTCATTAAATCAGCTATGTTTTATTGGATCTGTACACC-C-----A--TTA----------------CTTGGATAACTGTGGT-AATTCTAGAGCTAATACATGCACACAGAGTCCCCGACCGC----------------------------------------A---AGGGAG------------GGGCGCTTTTATTAGTT--CAAAACCGG----------TCGGGCCTT---G---------------------------------------GTCCGTAACC-CACCTGTGGT-GA----ATCTGA-ATAACTTCTTGCTGAGCGCAC-G---GTCTCTGCACTGGCGCCGCATC----------------------TTTCAAG---TGTCTG-CCTTATCAGCTTTCGATTG------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAGGTTATTCGCCT--ACAATGGC-TA-----TAACGG-GT----------AACGGGGAATCAG--GGTTCGATTCC--GGAGAGGGA-------GCCTGAGA---AACGGCT-ACCAC-ATCT---------AAGGAAGGCAGCAGGCACGT---AA--ATTACCC--ATTCCCAGATCGGGGA----------------GG-T--AGTGAC-GA--AAAATAAC--------GATGCGA-----------GAC---------TCATCC-GAGGCCTCGCAA------TCGGAATGAGTACACTTTAAAT--------------CCTTTA----ACGAGGACCCATTGG-AG-GGC--AAGTCTGGT-GCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAA------------TTCCAGCTCCAATA-GCGTATA----TT-AAAGTT-GTT--GCGGT--TA-AA-AAGCTCGTAG---TTGGATTGTTGTCCCGGACTGACGGTTCACCGCCCGGTG----CTTACTGTCACGTC--CGG-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ACA----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GCCTGAAAT------ATGG---CCCCGCCGGCTCGC---------CTGGGGTGCTCT---------TTACCGAGTG-----T---C-CCGAGTGGCCGGC-ATGTTTACT-T-TGAAAAAA----T-TAGAGTGC----------TCAGAG---------CAGGCTACA-T------------------------GAATTGGC----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GBNEM929-23	-	18S-5P	710	-	-	-	AACCTGGTTGATCCTGC-CAGTAGTCATATGCTTGTCTCAAAGATTAA--GCCATGCATGTCT---AAGTATAAGCAC----------------TA-GTACTGTGAAAC-TGCGAAT--------GGCTC--AT-----------TAAATC-AGTTATCGTTTATTTGATTGTACCTT--T--AC--TACTTGG-ATAACCG-TAGTAATTCTAGAGCTAATACATGCGAAAAGTCCCGACTTCTGGAA------------------------------------GGGAT---GTATTTATTAGATTAAAAACCAATGC--------------------------------------------------------------GGGTTCTGCCCGGTTCTTTGGTGATTCATAGTAACTG-ATCGAATCG-----CA-----CGGCCT---TGCGCTGGCGATGTTTCATTCAAAT-TTCTGCCCTATCAACTGTCG--ATGGTAAGGTAGTG-GCTTACCATGGTT--GCAACGGG---TGACGG-AGAAT-T-AGGGTTCGATTCCGGAGAGGGAGCCT-GAGAAA-CGGCTACCACATCC-AAGGAAGG-------------CAGCAGGCGCGCAAATTACCCAATC-CTGACTC--AGGGAG-----GTAGTGACAAGAAATAACAAT---ACAGGGCTTTTC--------------------------------CAA-GTCTTG-TAATTGGAAT----G-AGTACAACTTAAATC-----CTTTAACGAGGATCCATT--GGAGGGCAAGTCTGGTGCCAG---CAGCCGCGG-TAAT---TC--CAGCTCCAATA---GCGTA--TATTA-----------AAGTTG-T--TGCAGTTAAAAAGCTC-GTAG-------TTGGATTTCGGGATGGCCCGGCCGGTCTGCCGCAAGG---------------------------------------------------------------------------------TATGTTACTGGCCGAGCTG----TT-------C-TTCCTCGCA--AAGACTGT
GBNEM928-23	-	18S-5P	670	-	-	-	-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GTAAGGTAG-TGGCCTACC----AA-GGTGATTAC-GGGTAACGG--GGAA-TCAGGGTTCGA-TTCCGGAGAGGGAGC-CTGAGAAACGG-CT---A-CCACATCCAA-GGAAGGCAGCAGGCGC-GC-AAATTACCCA-ATCC------------AGA-CACTGGGAGGTGG-TGACGAG-AAA-----TACCGGGTCGTGCC--CAAA-AGGT--TT--CGACACTGG---AATGG-GTGGAA-TTTAAGAATTTCCACGAGTAGCAACTGGAGGG-CAAG-TCT--GGTGCCAG-----------CAGCCGCGG-TAATTCC-AGC---TCCAGTAGTGTAT---CT-TAAAGT--TGCT-GCGGT-TAAAAC-GCTC--GTAGT--TGGACAAGAGAGCGATCAGGTGCGGGCGG---GGAGTATGCCTACCCTGTACTGATTCTGTGATGTGTTGGCTCCGG------------------------------C-----CGGCCATTGCTAG-TA--ATTGGACAG-----GAGTACTACTTG----------TCGAC------CAT---G---------CTGCCTGGTCGCTT----GT-TT--GATCGT------GA-GAATGTC-ATATGGC-CTTA--------ACTGTGCTG------TGTGACGTGTCTTACGCAGTGTGCCTTGAATAAATCAGA-----GTGCTCAAAGCAA-GCT----A-----AC-GCTTGA-------A--TGTTAATAGCATGGAAC---G----AATGTTTTGTGAAAGCG-----TAGG--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAGTGGGTTTACTT-G-TATTCCTGCTGCTTAC-------GCAGCAC---CAACT-------------------------------CCGATT----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CGG-AACATTGGTAGCCGATATCGGGTGATGATTA-----------------AGAGG
GBNEM8499-23	-	18S-5P	306	Unrecoverable	-	-	--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GGGGAGGTAGTGACGAAAATAACGATACGGGACT---CATCCGA-GGCCCCGTAATCGGAATGAGTACACTTTAAATCCTTTAACGA-GGATCCATTGGAG--GGC----AAGT-C-TGGTGCCAGCAG--CCGCGG-TAATTCCAGC-TCCAATAGCGTATATTAAA--GTTGTTGCGGTTAAAAAAGCTCGTAGTTGAATCTGTGTGCCACAATGTCGGTCCGCCGCTCGC-GGTGGTTACT-TGC-ATCACGT--GGGACGTCCTACC-GGTGGCTTTTGTC----CTCCTTG---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GAGGGCGAGCCAACTAATATCCCATCGCGGTG-CTC--T-TCA
GBNEM8498-23	-	18S-5P	479	-	-	-	GATCC----TGCCAGTAGTCATATGCTTGTCTCAAAGATTAAGCC--ATGCATGTCTAAGTCCAAGCTGTGTT----------Y-----------ACACGGCGAGACCGCGGACGGCTCATTAAATCAGTCGTGGTCCAAATG-GGATAGTCCA------------------------A-TGTACTT--GGATAACTGTGGTA-ATTCCA-GAGCTAATACATGCAACTGAAACCTTGATGGAAGCCCT-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T----------------CTCTTGGTCGCTTGT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CGTCCGGGGGTT-----GGATCCTTGCTGACAGGTGCT-TTTATTAGACCAATCCGCTGGTG--GCTGAGTTGT-TCT-------------GC-T---GAGACGCGTGCACGG-----ATCTCGGCACT-CGGCT-AT--GTCGTGTTGT-CGAC-CC----GCGAGG---CGTG-TTCTCGGGAGCTCTCGGTCAGACTTGC-------------TTTGTGGTGACTCTGGATAA-CCATTTTTGACAAGCG-CACGTAC-CCCTCT--CACGAGCGGGACGGCGCTGCCACTTT----CG------------------AGTGTCTGCC-T----------------TAT--------CAGCTGTCAATCG-CTCGCTACAC

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Paratrichodorus minor

Basic Information

Taxonomic Information

Photos (0 photos)

Morphological Features

Host Plants (0 host plants)

Quarantine Status (7 records)

Distribution (0 countries)

Genomes (0 records)

Transcriptomes (0 records)

DNA Barcodes (34 records)

Literature

State Information