Celastrus orbiculatus

TaxID: 85181

Basic Information

Scientific Name *

Common Name

Asian Bittersweet

Introduction

Celastrus orbiculatus is a woody vine of the family Celastraceae. It is commonly called Oriental bittersweet, as well as Chinese bittersweet, Asian bittersweet, round-leaved bittersweet, and Asiatic bittersweet. It is native to China, where it is the most widely distributed Celastrus species, and to Japan and Korea. It was introduced into North America in 1879, and is considered to be an invasive species in eastern North America. It closely resembles the native North American species, Celastrus scandens, with which it will readily hybridize.

from Wikipedia

Taxonomic Information

Domain/Kingdom

Eukaryota

Phylum

Streptophyta

Class

Magnoliopsida

Order

Celastrales

Family

Celastraceae

Genus

Celastrus

Species

orbiculatus

Subspecies

Unclassified

Photos (5 photos)

c

Morphological Features

No morphological description available.

Host Plants (0 host plants)

Data sources: EPPO Global Database and relevant literature.

No host plants available.

Quarantine Status (1 records)

Data sources: IPPC website and national quarantine websites; verified by human review.

Country	Status	Year Added
EPPO A2	Present	—

Distribution (28 countries)

Data Sources: EPPO Global Database and GBIF.

26

Present

0

Absent

0

Unknown/Other

Country	Status	State
Austria	Present	—
Belgium	Present	—
Belarus	Present	—
Canada	Present
Switzerland	Transient	—
China	Present
Czechia	Transient	—
Germany	Present	—
Denmark	Present	—
Estonia	Present	—

Page 1 of 3

Distribution Map (Latitude and longitude coordinates sourced from GBIF.)

Download CSV

Genomes (0 records)

Data source: NCBI.

No genome records available.

Transcriptomes (3 records)

Data source: NCBI.

Run ID	Tissue	Developmental Stage	Sex	Read Count	Location	Actions
SRR15911737	leaf	-	-	26409596	China:Beijing	Download NCBI
BioProject PRJNA763779 Experiment ID SRX12202156 Study ID SRP337364 Category weed Title RNA sequcing of the leaf1 of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Design Description - Strain leaf1 Sample Attributes {'age': '3 year', 'tissue': 'leaf', 'isolate': 'leaf1', 'geo_loc_name': 'China:Beijing', 'biosamplemodel': 'Plant'}
SRR15911736	leaf	-	-	27525962	China:Beijing	Download NCBI
BioProject PRJNA763779 Experiment ID SRX12202157 Study ID SRP337364 Category weed Title RNA sequcing of the leaf2 of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Design Description - Strain leaf2 Sample Attributes {'age': '3 year', 'tissue': 'leaf', 'isolate': 'leaf2', 'geo_loc_name': 'China:Beijing', 'biosamplemodel': 'Plant'}
SRR15911735	leaf	-	-	27706479	China:Beijing	Download NCBI
BioProject PRJNA763779 Experiment ID SRX12202158 Study ID SRP337364 Category weed Title RNA sequcing of the leaf3 of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Design Description - Strain leaf3 Sample Attributes {'age': '3 year', 'tissue': 'leaf', 'isolate': 'leaf3', 'geo_loc_name': 'China:Beijing', 'biosamplemodel': 'Plant'}

DNA Barcodes (15 records)

View all

Data source: BOLD.

Process ID	BIN	Marker	Length	Country	Date	Lat/Lon	Sequence
SDP690003-17	-	rbcLa	555	United States	2013-08-05	43.8031, -70.1615	GAGTGTTGGATTCAAGGCTGGCGTTAAAGATTATAAATTGACTTATTATACTCCTGACTATGAAACCAAAGATACTGATATCTTGGCAGCATTCCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGGAGTTCCGCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCGGCGGTAGCTGCTGAATCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTGTGGACCGATGGGCTTACCAGTCTTGATCGTTACAAAGGACGATGCTACCACATCGAGCCCGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAACTCAATTTATTGCTTATGTAGCTTATCCTTTAGACCTTTTCGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTACTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTCTTTGGTTTCAAAGCCCTGCGTGCTCTACGTCTGGAGGATTTGCGAATCCCCCCTGCTTATTCTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCGCCGCATGGTATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGACGCCCTCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGATTATCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCAGTTTATGAATGTCTCCG
GBVY1278-14	-	rbcL	492	-	-	-	------------------------GATTAT------------AAATTGACTTATTATACT---CCTGACTATGAAACCAAAGATACTGATATCTTGGCAGCATTCCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGGAGTTCCGCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCGGCGGTAGCTGCTGAATCTTCT---ACTGGTACATGGACA---ACTGTGTGGACCGATGGG---CTTACCAGTCTTGATCGTTACAAAGGACGATGCTACCACATCGAGCCCGTTGCTGGAGAAGAA---ACTCAATTTATTGCTTATGTAGCTTATCCTTTAGACCTTTTCGAAGAA---GGTTCTGTT---ACTAACATGTTTACT---TCCATTGTGGGTAATGTCTTT---GGTTTCAAAGCCCTGCGT---GCTCTACGTCTG---GAGGATTTGCGA---ATCCCCCCTGCTTATTCTAAAACT---TTCCAAGGCCCG---CCGCATGGTATC---CAAGTTGAGAGAGAT---------AAA------TTGAAC---------------AAG---TAT---GGACGCCCTCTATTGGGATGTACTATT---AAACCTAAA---TTGGGATTA---TCC---GCT------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GBVX7729-15	-	matK	745	-	-	-	TTGTTCTCCATGAGTATTGGAATTGGAATAGTCTTCTTACTCCAAAGAAATCCATTTCTATTTTTTCACAAAGTAATCCAAGATTTTTCTTGTTCCTATATAATTGTTATGTATCGGAATACGAATCTATCTTTCTTTTTCTACGTAACCAAGATTCTCATTTACGGTCAACATCCTCTCGGGTCCTTCTTGAGCGAATCCATTTCTATGGAAAAATAGAACATCTTGCAGAAGTCTTTCCTAATTATTTTCAGGTTATCTTTTGGTTGTTGAAGGATCCTTGCACACATTATGTTAGATATCAAGGAAAATTCATTCTGGCTTCAAAAGATATGCCATTTCTGATGAATAAATGGAAATTTTATCTTGTTAATTTATGTCAATGTCATTTTTTTGCGGGGTCTCAACCGGAAAGGATCTATATAAACCAATTATCCAAGCATTCTCTCGACTTTTTAGGCTATCTTTCAAGTGTACGACTAAATTATTCAGTGGTACGGAGTAAAATGGTGGACAATGCATTTCTAATAGATAACGCTATGAAGAAACTCGATACAAGAGTTCCACTTATTTCTTTGATTGTATTATTGGCAAAAGCGAGAGTTTGTAATGTATTAGGACATCCCATTAGTAAAACGACCCGGGCTGATTCATCGGAGTCAGATATTATTGACCGATTTGTGCGTATATGCACAAATTTTTCTCATTATTATAGTGGATCCTCAAAAAAAAAGAGTTTGTATCG
GBVF1290-11	-	rbcL	1374	-	-	-	---------------GGCGTTAAAGATTAT------------AAATTGACTTATTATACT---CCTGACTATGAAACCAAAGATACTGATATCTTGGCAGCATTCCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGGAGTTCCGCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCGGCGGTAGCTGCTGAATCTTCT---ACTGGTACATGGACA---ACTGTGTGGACCGATGGG---CTTACCAGTCTTGATCGTTACAAAGGACGATGCTACCACATCGAGCCCGTTGCTGGAGAAGAA---ACTCAATTTATTGCTTATGTAGCTTATCCTTTAGACCTTTTCGAAGAA---GGTTCTGTT---ACTAACATGTTTACT---TCCATTGTGGGTAATGTCTTT---GGTTTCAAAGCCCTGCGT---GCTCTACGTCTG---GAGGATTTGCGA---ATCCCCCCTGCTTATTCTAAAACT---TTCCAAGGCCCG---CCGCATGGTATC---CAAGTTGAGAGAGAT---------AAA------TTGAAC---------------AAG---TAT---GGACGCCCTCTATTGGGATGTACTATT---AAACCTAAA---TTGGGATTA---TCC---GCTAAGAATTATGGT---AGAGCA---GTTTATGAATGTCTCCGCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGAT------------------------GAT---------------------GAGAACGTAAACTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTC---TTA---TTT------------------------------------------------------------TGTGCCGAAGCT---CTTTATAAAGCACAGACTGAA---ACAGGT---GAAATCAAAGGGCATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCCGGTACA---TGCGAAGAAATGATTAAAAGGGCTGTCTTT---GCT---AGAGAACTG------GGCGTCCCTATCGTAATGCATGACTACTTAACG------GGGGGATTCACT------------GCAAATACTAGCTTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGAT---AAT------GGTCTACTTCTT---CACATC---CACCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTTATT------------GAT------AGACAGAAAAATCATGGTATACACTTTCGTGTACTAGCGAAGGCCCTA---CGTATGTCTGGTGGAGACCATATTCATTCTGGTACCGTAGTA---GGTAAACTTGAG------GGTGAAAGAGATATCACTTTAGGCTTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTATTGAAAAAGAC---CGAAGCCGCGGTATTTATTTC------ACTCAAGATTGG---GTCTCTCTACCA---GGTGTT---CTGCCTGTGGCTTCCGGGGGTATTCACGTTTGG---------------CATATG------CCTGCTCTG---ACCGAGATCTTTGGTGAT---GATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTTAGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCTGGTGCTGTAGCTAATCGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTAAAAGCTCGTAATGAGGGACGTGATCTTGCT------CGT---GAA------GGTAATGAAATTATCCGCGAGGCTAGCAAATGGAGT------CCTGAACTAGCTGCT---GCTTGT------GAA---GTATGGAAGGAGATCAAATTTGAA---TTCGAAGCAATGGAT
GBVF1289-11	-	matK	1324	-	-	-	ATTTCCTTTTTTAGAGGACAAATTTTCACATTTAAATTATGTATTAGATGTACTAATACCCTATCCGATCCATCTGGAAATCCTGGTTCAAATCGTTCGATGCTGGGTGAAAGATGTTTCTTCTTTGCATTTATTACGATTTGTTCTCCATGAGTATTGGAATTGGAATAGTCTTCTTACTCCAAAGAAATCCATTTCTATTTTTTCACAAAGTAATCCAAGATTTTTCTTGTTCCTATATAATTGTTATGTATCGGAATACGAATCTATCTTTCTTTTTCTACGTAACCAAGATTCTCATTTACGGTCAACATCCTCTCGGGTCCTTCTTGAGCGAATCCATTTCTATGGAAAAATAGAACATCTTGCAGAAGTCTTTCCTAATTATTTTCAGGTTATCTTTTGGTTGTTGAAGGATCCTTGCACACATTATGTTAGATATCAAGGAAAATGCATTCTGGCTTCAAAAGATATGCCATTTCTGATGAATAAATGGAAATTTTATCTTGTTAATTTATGTCAATGTCATTTTTTTGCGGGGTCTCAACCGGAAAGGATCTATATAAACCAATTATCCAAGCATTCTCTCGACTTTTTAGGCTATCTTTCAAGTGTACGACTAAATTATTCAGTGGTACGGAGTAAAATGGTGGACAATGCATTTCTAATAGATAACGCTATGAAGAAACTCGATACAAGAGTTCCACTTATTTCTTTGATTGTATTATTGGCAAAAGCGAGAGTTTGTAATGTATTAGGACATCCCATTAGTAAAACGACCCGGGCTGATTCATCGGAGTCAGATATTATTGACCGATTTGTGCGTATATGCACAAATTTTTCTCATTATTATAGTGGATCCTCAAAAAAAAAGAGTTTGTATCGAATAAAATATGTACTTCGACTTTCTTGTGTTAAAACTTTGGCTCGTAAACACAAAAGTACTGTACGCGCTTTTTTGAAAAGATTAGGTTCGGAATTATTGGAAGAATTTTTTACAGAGGACGAAGAGATTCTTTCTTTGAGCTTCCCAAGAGCTTCTTCTACTTTGCGGAGGTTATATAGAGGTCGGATTTGGTATTTGGATATTGTTTGTATCAACGACCTGGCCCCAGTTCTGAGACCAGACAAATAGAAATGATAAAACGATAAAAAAAAATTATTCATTTCGATTATGAAATACTTATGCAATAAGAGTACGGGTTCAAAAACAGAGTATCCCATTTTCTTAGAGTTTCATCTAGGGAAGTAACTAAGTTTTACATGTATACAGAGAGAAAGTCGTGTGCAGTGAAAAATGCAAGCACGGTTTGGGGAGGGATTT
GBVF1288-11	-	matK	1289	-	-	-	TCGGTTCAATTGAATTTCAAATGGAAAAATTTCAAAGATATTTAGAACTAGATCCATCTAGGCAGCATGACTTCCTATACCCACTTATCTTTCGGGAGTATAGTTATGTGCTTTCCCATGATTATGGTTTAAATAGATCTATTTTGTTGCAAAATGTCAGTTATGAAAAAAAATCTAGTTTACTAATTGTAAAACGTTTAATTACTCGAATGGATCAACAAAATTATTTGATTATTTCCACTAATTATTCTAACCAAAATCTATTTTTTAAATGCAACAAGAATTTATATTATCAAATGATATCAGAGGGTTTCTCAGTCATTGTGGAAATTCCATTTTCCCTACAATTCGCATCTTCTTTAGAAAGGTCAGAAATAGTAAAATCTCATAATTTACGATCAATTCATTCAATATTTCCTTTTTTAGAGGACAAATTTTCACATTTAAATTATGTATTAGATGTACTAATACCCTATCCGATCCATCTGGAAATCCTGGTTCAAATCGTTCGATGCTGGGTGAAAGATGTTTCTTCTTTGCATTTATTACGATTTGTTCTCCATGAGTATTGGAATTGGAATAGTCTTCTTACTCCAAAGAAATCCATTTCTATTTTTTCACAAAGTAATCCAAGATTTTTCTTGTTCCTATATAATTGTTATGTATCGGAATACGAATCTATCTTTCTTTTTCTACGTAACCAAGATTCTCATTTACGGTCAACATCCTCTCGGGTCCTTCTTGAGCGAATCCATTTCTATGGAAAAATAGAACATCTTGCAGAAGTCTTTCCTAATTATTTTCAGGTTATCTTTTGGTTGTTGAAGGATCCTTGCACACATTATGTTAGATATCAAGGAAAATGCATTCTGGCTTCAAAAGATATGCCATTTCTGATGAATAAATGGAAATTTTATCTTGTTAATTTATGTCAATGTCATTTTTTTGCGGGGTCTCAACCGGAAAGGATCTATATAAACCAATTATCCAAGCATTCTCTCGACTTTTTAGGCTATCTTTCAAGTGTACGACTAAATTATTCAGTGGTACGGAGTAAAATGGTGGACAATGCATTTCTAATAGATAACGCTATGAAGAAACTCGATACAAGAGTTCCACTTATTTCTTTGATTGTATTATTGGCAAAAGCGAGAGTTTGTAATGTATTAGGACATCCCATTAGTAAAACGACCCGGGCTGATTCATCGGAGTCAGATATTATTGACCGATTTGTGCGTATATGCACAAATTTTTCTCATTATTATAGTGGATCCTCAAAAAAAAAGAGT
GBVF1287-11	-	rbcL	1368	-	-	-	GTTGGATTCACGGCTGGCGTTAAAGATTAT------------AAATTGACTTATTATACT---CCTGACTATGAAACCAAAGATACTGATATCTTGGCAGCATTCCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGGAGTTCCGCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCGGCGGTAGCTGCTGAATCTTCT---ACTGGTACATGGACA---ACTGTGTGGACCGATGGG---CTTACCAGTCTTGATCGTTACAAAGGACGATGCTACCACATCGAGCCCGTTGCTGGAGAAGAA---ACTCAATTTATTGCTTATGTAGCTTATCCTTTAGACCTTTTCGAAGAA---GGTTCTGTT---ACTAACATGTTTACT---TCCATTGTGGGTAATGTCTTT---GGTTTCAAAGCCCTGCGT---GCTCTACGTCTG---GAGGATTTGCGA---ATCCCCCCTGCTTATTCTAAAACT---TTCCAAGGGCCG---CCGCATGGTATC---CAAGTTGAGAGAGAT---------AAA------TTGAAC---------------AAG---TAT---GGACGCCCTCTATTGGGATGTACTATT---AAACCTAAA---TTGGGATTA---TCC---GCTAAGAATTATGGT---AGAGCA---GTTTATGAATGTCTCCGCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGAT------------------------GAT---------------------GAGAACGTAAACTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTC---TTA---TTT------------------------------------------------------------TGTGCCGAAGCT---CTTTATAAAGCACAGACTGAA---ACAGGT---GAAATCAAAGGGCATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCCGGTACA---TGCGAAGAAATGATTAAAAGGGCTGTCTTT---GCT---AGAGAACTG------GGCGTCCCTATCGTAATGCATGACTACTTAACG------GGGGGATTCACT------------GCAAATACTAGCTTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGAT---AAT------GGTCTACTTCTT---CACATC---CACCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTTATT------------GAT------AGACAGAAAAATCATGGTATACACTTTCGTGTACTAGCGAAGGCCCTA---CGTATGTCTGGTGGAGACCATATTCATTCTGGTACCGTAGTA---GGTAAACTTGAG------GGTGAAAGAGATATCACTTTAGGCTTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTATTTTGAAAAAGAA---CGAAGCCGCGGTATTTATTTC------ACTCAAGATTGG---GTCTCTCTACCA---GGTGTT---CTGCCTGTGGCTTCCGGGGGTATTCACGTTTGG---------------CATATG------CCTGCTCTG---ACCGAGATCTTTGGTGAT---GATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTTAGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCTGGTGCTGTAGCTAATCGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTAAAAGCTCGTAATGAAGGACGTGATCTTGCT------CGT---GAA------GGTAATGAAATTATCCGCGAGGCTAGCAAATGGAGT------CCTGAACTAGCTGCT---GCTTGT------GAA---GTATGGAAGGAGATCAAA------------------------
GBITS59418-21	-	ITS	633	-	-	-	TTGTCGAACCTGCAAGGCAGAACGACCCGCGAACAAGTGAAAACAAACGCGGGTGATGGGCTCTCTGGGTCGGTCGCTCTAAGCCCGAGTGGAGGGGGGGACGTGGGGGACCACAACCCCTCCCCCCACACGGGCACAACGAACCCCGGCGCGAACTGCGCCAAGGAACCAAACAAAGATGTGCGCCCCCTCCGCCTGGAAACAGTTTGGAAGGGGGACGCGTCGTCGTCCATATTACATATGAAACGACTCTCGGCAACGGATATCTCGGCTCTCGCATCGATGAANAACGTAGCGAAATGCGATACTTGGTGTGAATTGCAGAATCCCGTGAACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCGAAGCCGTCAGGCCGAGGGCACGCCTGCCTGGGTGTCACGCAACGTCGCCAACAACCCCCTCGCCCCCCTGTGAAGGGGATGGGAGGGGTGGCGGATATTGGCCTCCCGTGCGCACCCGCTCGCGGTTGGCCCAAATAACAGCCCCTTGGCGATGGCAGCCACGGCACGCGGTGGTTGGAAGCACTGGCTCCTTGAACCGCTGTGGGCGAGCCTCGTCGACGGGGAGCAAGAGACACCGACAAGCAAGCGTCCCAACAAAGCGACCCCA
GBITS59417-21	-	ITS	648	-	-	-	GCAGAACGACCCGCGAACAAGTGAAAACAAACGCGGGCGACGGGCCCTCTGGGTCGGTCGCTCGAAGCCCGAGTGGAGGTGGGGACGTGGGGGACCACGGCCCCTCCCCCCACACGGGCACAACGAACCCCGGCGCGAACTGCGCCAAGGAACCAAACAAAGATGTGCGCCCCCTCCGCCTGGAAACAGTTTGGAAGGGGGATGCGTCGTCGTCCATATTACATATGAAACGACTCTCGGCAACGGATATCTCGGCTCTCGCATCGATGAAGAACGTAGCGAAATGCGATACTTGGTGTGAATTGCAGAATCCCGTGAACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCGAAGCCGTCAGGCCGAGGGCACGCCTGCCTGGGTGTCACGCAACGTCGCCAACAACCCCCTCACCCCCCCTGCGAAGGGGATGGCGAGGGGTGGCGGATATTGGCCTCCCGTGCGCACCCGCTCGCGGTTGGCCCAAATAGCAGCCCCTTGGCGATGGCAGCCACGGCACGCGGTGGTTGGAAGCACTGGCTCCTTGAACCGCTGTGGGCGAGCCTCGTCGACGGGGAGCAAGAGACCCTGACGCAAGCGTCCCAACAAAGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGCGGGAACACCCGCTGAGTTTAAG
GBITS18492-21	-	ITS	695	China	2014-06-13	-	GTTTCCGTAGGTGACCTGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAACCTGCAAGGCAGAACGACCCGCGAACAAGTGAAAACAAACGCGGGCGACGGGCCCTCTGGGTCGGTCGCTCGAAGCCCGAGTGGAGGGGGGGACCACAACCCCTCCCCCCACACGGGCATAACGAACCCCGGCGCGAACTGCGCCAAGGAACCAAACAAAGATGTGCGCCCCCTCCGCCTGGAAACAGTTTGGAAGGGGGATGCGTCGTCGTCCATATTACATATGAAACGACTCTCGGCAACGGATATCTCGGCTCTCGCATCGATGAAGAACGTAGCGAAATGCGATACTTGGTGTGAATTGCAGAATCCCGTGAACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCGAAGCCGTCAGGCCGAGGGCACGCCTGCCTGGGTGTCACGCAACGTCGCCAACAACCCCCTCACCCCCCCTGCGAAGGGGATGGCGAGGGGTGGCGGATATTGGCCTCCCGTGCGCACCCGCTCGCGGTTGGCCCAAATAACAGCCCCTTGGCGATGGCAGCCACGGCATGCGGTGGTTGGAAGCACTGGCTCCTTGAACCGCTGTGGGCAAGCCTCGTCGACGGGGAGCAAGAGACCCTGACGCAAGCGTCCCAACAAAGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGCGGGAACACCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATA

Page 1 of 2

Celastrus orbiculatus

Basic Information

Taxonomic Information

Photos (5 photos)

Morphological Features

Host Plants (0 host plants)

Quarantine Status (1 records)

Distribution (28 countries)

Distribution Map (Latitude and longitude coordinates sourced from GBIF.)

Genomes (0 records)

Transcriptomes (3 records)

DNA Barcodes (15 records)

Literature

State Information